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Adefovir Dipivoxil: Uses, Dosage, Side Effects

Generic Name
Adefovir Dipivoxil
Therapeutic Class: Hepatic viral infections (Hepatitis B)

Indications:
Adefovir Dipivoxil is indicated for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B in adults with evidence of active viral replication and either evidence of persistent elevations in serum aminotransferases (ALT or AST) or histologically active disease.

Description:
Adefovir dipivoxil could also be a diester prodrug of adefovir. Adefovir is an acyclic nucleotide analog with activity against the human hepatitis B virus (HBV). Adefovir is phosphorylated to the active metabolite, adefovir diphosphate, by cellular kinases. Adefovir diphosphate inhibits HBV DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase) by competing with the natural substrate deoxyadenosine triphosphate and by causing DNA chain termination after its incorporation into viral DNA. The approximate oral bioavailability of adefovir from a ten mg single dose is 59%. In vitro binding of adefovir to human plasma or human serum proteins is 4%. Adefovir is excreted through the renal route by a mix of glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion.

Dosage & Administration:
The recommended dose of Adefovir in chronic hepatitis B patients with adequate renal function is 10 mg, once daily, taken orally, without regard to food.

Interaction:
The pharmacokinetics of adefovir was unchanged when adefovir dipivoxil was coadministered with lamivudine, trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole, and acetaminophen. When adefovir dipivoxil was co-administered with ibuprofen (800 mg 3 times daily), increases in adefovir Cmax (33%), AUC (23%), and urinary recovery were observed because of the higher oral bioavailability of adefovir.

Contraindications:
Adefovir dipivoxil is contraindicated in patients with previously demonstrated hypersensitivity to any of the components of the merchandise.

Side Effects:
The most common side effects of adefovir dipivoxil are weakness, headache, stomach pain, and nausea. Severe acute exacerbations of hepatitis have been reported in patients who have discontinued anti-hepatitis B therapy, including therapy with adefovir dipivoxil. In patients at risk of or having underlying renal dysfunction, chronic administration of adefovir dipivoxil may result in nephrotoxicity. Lactic acidosis and severe hepatomegaly with steatosis, including fatal cases, have been reported with the use of nucleoside analogs alone or in combination with other antiretrovirals.

Pregnancy & Lactation:
Pregnancy Category C. There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Adefovir dipivoxil should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed and after careful consideration of the risks and benefits. It is not known whether adefovir is excreted in human milk. Mothers should be instructed not to breastfeed if they are taking adefovir dipivoxil.

Precautions & Warnings:
Patients who discontinued adefovir dipivoxil should be monitored at repeated intervals over a period of time for hepatic function. The patients at risk of or having underlying renal dysfunction should be monitored closely for renal function and may require dose adjustment.

Use in Special Populations:
Pediatric use: Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established.
Geriatric use: In general, caution should be exercised when prescribing to elderly patients since they have a greater frequency of decreased renal or cardiac function due to concomitant disease or other drug therapy.
Dose Adjustment in Renal Impairment: the dosing interval of Adefovir should be adjusted in patients with baseline creatinine clearance <50 ml/min using the following suggested guidelines:
  • CrCl ≤ 50 ml/min: 10 mg
  • CrCl 20-49 ml/min: 10 mg every 48 hours
  • CrCl 10-19 ml/min: 10 mg every 72 hours
  • Haemodialysis patients: 10 mg every 7 days following dialysis
Overdose:
Doses of adefovir dipivoxil 500 mg daily for 2 weeks and 250 mg daily for 12 weeks have been associated with gastrointestinal side effects. If an overdose occurs the patient must be monitored for evidence of toxicity and standard supportive treatment applied as necessary.

Storage:
Store at a cool and dry place. Protect from light and moisture. Keep all the medicines out of the reach of children.

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